Working Group 6 July Interim Report; Annexe B

Online Survey Responses

In this guide

Aim of research

The overall aim of this project is to review the implications for food safety from decarbonisation measures implemented within the food system. Food producers, processors and manufacturers may implement adaptations as part of moving the UK to a net zero carbon economy. These measures could have positive or negative effects for food safety.

This report presents the findings from an online survey which sought to canvas expert opinion regarding the UK’s transition to a net zero carbon economy over the next decade.

Survey respondents

31 experts responded to the survey. The majority were from academia (9) and the manufacturing sector (7). 10% were from the farming sector (3). The other 12 participants included representatives from: Policy, “RTO”, Industrial R&D (Food and Life Sciences), Consultancy, Innovation broker, Science services business, Trade associations, Retail, Public body supporting farming, Charity, Research Council, and veterinary sciences. For the purposes of seeing trends between the respondent groups, respondents have been categorised as “Academia”, “Manufacturing”, “Farming”, including veterinary science, and “Other” which includes the rest of the list stated above.

The respondents’ areas of expertise lie in sustainability/climate change (7), “the food system” (6), livestock/seafood (5), food safety (4), food manufacturing (4), research and development (4), nutrition (2), packaging (2) and food science/engineering (2). Eight other subject areas had one mention each: agronomy, crop production, accounting for food and drink, certification/farm assurance, foresight, food ingredients, renewable energy and science policy. Respondents’ familiarity with the food sector was predominantly in the areas of food manufacturing (12), livestock/seafood (5), and “end-to-end” (4).

Data analysis

The survey responses reflect the diversity of sectors represented by participants. Most answers were open-ended and so were manually reviewed to ensure nuances were captured. Categories were identified based on themes connected to that category. For example, hydrogen fuel and biofuel were themes categorised as “energy”. The categories and associated mechanisms generated from respondents’ answers are detailed in the tables found in the Appendices (Appendix 1-8). The main themes (topics which were mentioned the most times by respondents) are discussed in the Results section of this report.

Results

Changes towards net zero

All respondent groups agreed that changes to achieve net zero are already being implemented within their sector (Appendix 1). Most respondents noted that these changes are also being implemented in farming methods, particularly regenerative and precision farming. The Academia group saw this mainly in the areas of soil health and animal husbandry. Farmer respondents described how changes primarily related to alterations in crop management, such as reducing the amount or type of fertilisers or pesticides used and improving productivity on the farm. The Farmer group also listed some risks as a consequence of crop production inputs changing. These were in environmental hygiene from using less biocides, product contamination due to a reduction in herbicides and the removal of food safety steps including product washing (Appendix 4).

The Academia and Manufacturing groups also perceived activity with respect to waste management and packaging. Examples provided were either in the reduction of both waste and packaging or changing packaging materials. The main packaging change expected was a move from plastic to bio-based materials. One Manufacturer suggested this change may increase emissions as the use of plastic packaging has benefits in terms of product protection journeying through the supply chain (Appendix 1). Other respondents suggested that implementation was focussed on encouraging consumer diet changes and providing alternative protein sources for both food and animal feed.

Changes associated with green energy remained a key theme, with respondents describing trials underway that have the potential for mainstream roll out in the next decade. Respondents saw key interest in the areas of replacing fossil fuels with renewable sources such as solar and wind, hydrogen, electrification of the supply chain and improved energy efficiency especially in refrigeration. Furthermore, the Other group stated that developments in urban/vertical farming using Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are already in development. It is important to note that concern was raised by the Manufacturer group that some of these changes could result in higher costs. This was in specific reference to the rising cost of energy including short-term Opex price rises and in electricity in general (Appendix 5).

Source of information

The main sources respondents suggest the FSA review for net zero information were academic and scientific literature, industry publications, and published material from government departments/initiatives such as the United Nations (UN) and United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) (Appendix 6). There was a general suggestion that industry publications, with specific reference to Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB), could also be useful sources of information.

Stakeholders at the forefront of net zero

The responses to questions connected with who is developing, exploring and implementing actions towards net zero were less varied.

A graph showing the main stakeholders were from the private sector

Figure 1: Who is making changes already in roll out / implementation?

The private sector from start-ups to Fortune 500 companies was seen as leading the way in implementing actions towards net zero (Figure 1). Although food retailers are also private companies, this sector was given a separate category as it was explicitly mentioned five times.

A graph showing the main idea come from associations and institutes

Figure 2: Who is developing potential future ideas aimed at food chain net zero?

Associations and institutes were listed by most respondents as having the potential to develop future ideas (Figure 2). This included organisations such as The Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP, (3x)), the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB, (2x)) and The Institute of Grocery Distribution (IGD, (2x)).

A graph showing academia, government and sectoral bodies are equally the largest inputs for who is exploring developments

Figure 3: Who is exploring other net zero developments?

There were mixed responses to the question of who is exploring other net zero developments. Answers were spread evenly between academia, sectoral bodies (such as Business in the Community and the Carbon Trust) and Government (Figure 3). The full list of suggestions for further information is included in Appendix 9.

Conclusion

A consistent theme across respondents was the potential for green energy to be a driver of change towards net zero. The main changes already being implemented were in the areas of renewable energy and the use of electric from renewable sources across the supply chain. Respondents also expected further developments in these areas. Alterations to farming practices was another common theme.

However, there was high variability between respondent groups as well as within the category as to the precise mechanisms for change. Farmers expect to see more change in farming methods, particularly in regenerative and precision farming (for both crop inputs and animal feed). Whereas, Manufacturers and the Other group, saw further developments in packaging and reducing waste. Associations, institutes, and industry were seen by all respondents as being at the forefront of developing initiatives and as key sources of information.

Working Group 6 July Interim Report; Annexe B

Appendix 1

In this guide

Table 1. Summary of responses: What new changes towards net zero are being implemented already? (Inside your sector)

Category	Academia	Manufacturing	Farmers & Veterinary Surgeon	Other
Farming methods	Soil Management Improving nutrients Increase carbon sequestration Offsetting carbon pollution through NPP Manure management Anaerobic digestion Animal husbandry Improving utilisation of feed Improve fertility Improve genetics Changes to procurement practices		Regenerative farming techniques No/minimal till Cover crops and nitrogen fixing crops Mixed rotations which include livestock Nutrient management Hedgerow and woodland management Productivity improvements Animal and plant health Basic knowledge exchange Improved genetics Energy efficiency Precision farming Nutrition Reproduction	Precision agriculture Regenerative farming Reduced inputs Investments in Anaerobic Digestor plants Soil Afforestation Irrigation Production efficiency on farm Whole carcass utilisation in processing Improve the genetic potential of farmed crops and animals to include sustainability traits in new varieties and breeds.
Energy	Green energy Closer connectivity between heating and cooling systems Renewable energy Changing energy grid Enhanced efficiency in existing systems through energy conservation, monitoring and utilisation Crop breeding Low energy rice and grain processing, potential for 90% energy reduction.	Green energy Removal of coal and fossil fuels Renewable sources Solar panels Electric vehicles Energy use reduction	Green energy Through anaerobic digestion On-site renewable sources	Green energy On-site renewable sources Energy efficiency Renewable sources More efficient heating and cooling technology Electrify equipment Light Emitting Diodes (LED) lighting Energy minimisation
Farming inputs	Integrated pest management (IPM) Targeted pesticide and agrochemical use.		Alterations to fertiliser practises Move from inorganic to organic fertilisers Abated fertiliser due to supply in the UK Reduced reliance on ammonium nitrate fertiliser Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Reduced reliance of Plant Protection Product (PPP)	Integrated Pest Management (IPM) The advent of biopesticides
Land use	Environmental Land Management (ELM) Trials associated with soil carbon		Land use change Planting woody biomass
Consumer diet change	Protein self sufficiency Use of alternatives to imported protein sources.			Diet change Eat less red meat and shift to plant-based foods Non-animal-based protein sources Meat and dairy substitutes
Waste	Food waste reduction	Waste reduction and management Zero waste to landfill Water recycling and reduction.		Up-cycling of food waste
Packaging	Food packaging material and weight changes.	Packaging materials Net impact is negative as packaging protects and preserves products through the supply chain and the product loss that it prevents has a greater Greenhouse Gas (GHG) footprint than packaging itself. Media and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) driven reduction of packaging (particularly substitution of plastics packaging by alternative materials) will increase GHG impact and must "follow the science" not rhetoric. Including recycled content into primary food packaging. Shift to recyclable petroleum based or biobased packaging materials.		Packaging reduction Removal of single use plastics
Measurement		Measuring of parameters	Complete carbon footprints on-farm	Benchmarking Industry data collection and performance tracking, Climate Change Agreements (CCA) sector etc. Better traceability Improved measurements of emissions.
Manufacturing		Improved manufacturing efficiency Reduce rejection and reduce rework and achieve zero waste Deforestation policies among manufacturers		Deforestation avoidance
Technology			Innovation Increased use of high-tech production systems (glasshouses, Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA), hydroponics)	Blockchain Glycol refrigeration
Transport				Electric vehicles in supply chain
Processing methods				New processing opportunities
Shelf-life				Shelf-life extension
Retail				Members delivering retail customers' commitments

Working Group 6 July Interim Report; Annexe B

Appendix 2

In this guide

Table 2. Summary of responses: What developments are in trial that have potential to roll out in the next ten years?

Category	Academia	Manufacturing	Farmers & veterinary surgeon	Other
Farming methods	Animal breeding More efficient and resilient animals Lower carbon footprint Precision agriculture in crops and livestock Integration of arable and livestock systems Soil health	Sustainable intensification Lower carbon agronomy Crop production Leguminous plants co cropped with wheat to replace nitrogen fertiliser Nitrogen without CO2 Aquaculture Multi-stream culture systems (e.g., fish plus water plants such as watercress) Ocean farming and harvesting of seaweed	Crop production Mixed rotations Less use of manufactured fertilisers Perennial energy crops (miscanthus, willow) Crop inputs Reduced inputs and increased sequestration Reduced reliance on ammonium nitrate fertiliser-circular economy development Precision crop and livestock agriculture Improved reproductive performance Specific genetic progress Gene editing precision Regenerative agriculture techniques	Livestock-related developments e.g., intensive indoor dairy farming Acceleration of biopesticide use Slurry cooling to mitigate ammonia emissions Agroforestry/agri-ecology, precision agriculture, urban agriculture, vertical farming, advanced breeding techniques
Energy	Zero fossil fuel use Electrification Hydrogen generation plants Bio-hydrogen Ohmic and pulsed electric field heating	Refrigeration Improving efficiency Onsite energy generation Renewable energy Electricity generation Wind and solar are variable Tides are predictable Next generation technologies that consume less energy using advanced process control.	Green energy Electric generation Gas to grid Tractor biogas fuelling Land-based renewables and energy storage, for on-farm and export Reduced emissions methods Scrubbers and catalyst systems Anaerobic digestion to generate "negative emissions"	Green energy Hydrogen fuel for supply chain transport and factory Vehicle and machinery electrification
Animal feed	Alternative feed Biotechnology in feed ingredients, including generation of enzymes and supplements Reduce enteric fermentation's emission of methane - including archaeal suppressant commercial use Feed rations that deliver lowest carbon footprint per product (not just feed input) Home grown feed replacement of soya	Alternative sources of protein	Optimal nutrition including use of supplements to manage the rumen microbiome to reduce methane	Diet In cattle to reduce methane production Insect protein (including for aquaculture) Improvements to feed utilisation Alternatives to soya in feed formulation
Land use	Changes in subsidies to farmers will change land use especially in the uplands. Peatland restoration, farm woodland / agroforestry, more hedgerows, ELMS (Environmental Land Management Scheme)		Nature-based solutions Increased increments in hedges, new woodlands, soil carbon management Agroforestry	Optimising land for carbon sequestration
Consumer diet change	Dietary change Reduced meat and dairy consumption	Alternative sources of protein		More dairy and meat substitutes Novel proteins Cultured meat Minimally processed foods Eating less meat but higher quality Eat local
Waste	Use of former foods and utilisation of coproducts Reducing food waste Supply chain integration to reduce stocks and waste.	Circular economy principles for waste reduction NPD based on food by-products.	Endemic disease control to reduce the waste associated with disease and increased productivity	Measures to reduce food loss and waste Waste valorisation Abstraction of slurry Reduced food waste in home as a result of increased prices Recycling of non-PET 5
Packaging	Food packaging changes.	Closed loop recycling of plastic packaging		More information supplied on packs regarding carbon footprint of products Biobased packaging materials Closed loop packaging
Measurement	Better use of manures and measures to reduce N2O and NH3 loss on farm		Farmers using tools to measure what is going on farm
Manufacturing		Zero carbon factories Cellular agriculture to produce factory grown meat		Product and process redesign (net zero by design) redistributed manufacture.
Technology		Urban farms based on Light Emitting Diode (LED) technology for salad and similar crops.	New technologies Genetic Feed additives Feed proteins Robotics Drones Electric agricultural machinery

Working Group 6 July Interim Report; Annexe B

Appendix 3

In this guide

Table 3. Summary of responses: Are there other changes (at any stage of development) aimed at achieving net zero that you expect to make an impact? What are they?

Category	Academia	Manufacturing	Farmers & veterinary surgeon	Other
Farming methods	Gene editing For crop and livestock resilience Livestock and rumen microbes as part of the pangenome approach Land use Balance between for agriculture and for carbon storage	Supply shed natural climate solutions	Novel carbon-storing soil amendments (biochar, enhanced rock weathering)	Alternatives to the Haber bosch process Controlled environment farming (urban)
Energy	Green energy Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage - not in the food system, but uses land so will affect the food system Replace water heated, jacketed pipework with lower energy electrical systems Solar powered thermally efficient systems working at the 50-95 degree Celsius range. Energy reduction	Green energy Governmental support for the development of new sustainable energy technologies to replace hydrocarbon use Clean hydrogen instead of methane as a gas supply. Fusion		Green energy Electrification Decarbonisation of crop systems grown in poly tunnels Hydrogen economy investment by government Carbon credits for soil sequestration
Government				Government investment Adoption of the National Food Strategy
Transport	Shorter supply chains Reduced car use post Covid; reduced flying.		Move to predominantly sea freighted / road transported imported produce away from Air freight.	Vehicle electrification
Consumer diet change		Public attitude and education, cultured meat expansion and acceptance and fermented meat substitutes expansion and acceptance.	Reducing import of animal protein from high Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission intensity systems 'Quality not quantity' changes in consumer eating habits.	Consumer being part of solution Novel foods Alternative protein production
Waste	Development of circular economy principles to utilise waste streams			Conversion or reduction of food waste Into 'fertiliser' at scale Valorisation of side streams Reducing food waste Recycling polypropylene
Packaging			Bio-based materials in long-lived consumer and construction products
Measurement		Better diagnostics and analytical approaches	Measuring baselines on farm	Measurement and monitoring of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and environmental performance
Technology		Robotics, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) developments on farm and in factory environment (Industry 4.0).

Working Group 6 July Interim Report; Annexe B

Appendix 4

In this guide

Table 4. Summary of responses: What do you expect the effects of changes towards net zero being rolled out already to be?

Category	Academia	Manufacturing	Farmers & veterinary surgeon	Other
Farming methods	Less food production in the UK especially of ruminants and probably wheat and barley Circular agriculture principles, precision farming		Crop production inputs Move away from synthetic nitrogen-based fertiliser to more organic based Field carbon sequestration. Increased environmental hygiene risk (particularly Listeria mono) in non-competitive growing environments and post-harvest environments where less biocide use Increased product contamination risks (e.g., toxic weeds) due to lack of herbicide options Removal of food safety steps (e.g., product washing) Less process steps and eyes on crop to identify and remove physical contaminants Animal husbandry Use of novel feedstuffs Greater integration of livestock and arable farming in some areas	Improved productivity per hectare (vertical farming)
Food safety risk		Possibility of nutritional and some food safety risks	Increased risk of zoonosis / animal derived pathogens – particularly with further intensification of livestock rearing Conditioners, amendments – potential for new risks and bad practice
Energy		Long term energy security and resilience
Lower carbon emissions	Lower carbon emissions	Lower carbon emissions	Reduction in carbon	Lower carbon emissions
Process optimisation	Progressive improvement in food processing cost			Process optimisation Better use of the limited resources Better materials for the same shelf life Improvement in the efficiency of established models and supply chains.
Investment	Higher investment		Increased investment
Knowledge sharing	Greater awareness			Sharing best practice. Better understanding of what food system we need
Land use	Changes in land use Greater interest in the countryside and less respect for land ownership without delivering public benefit			Changes in land management and food production
Attitudinal change	Attitude shift in consumer demands (e.g., less meat consumption)		'Quality not quantity' changes in consumer eating habits	Less meat consumption
Taxation		Changes in taxation
Increased costs		Higher costs Short term Opex increases In electricity	Increased price of quality food
More complexity		More complexity
Local procurement		More local procurement	Reducing import of animal protein from high Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission intensity systems
Waste				Waste collection
Packaging				Packaging redesign
Nutrition				Better nutrition
Data				More data and measurable
Technology				Roboticisation and automation

Working Group 6 July Interim Report; Annexe B

Appendix 5

In this guide

Table 5. Summary of responses: What do you expect the effects of developments being trialled could be?

Category	Academia	Manufacturing	Farmers & veterinary surgeon	Other
Financial incentive	Subsidy system			Financial incentives Faster shift of investment away from unsustainable fossil fuel economy towards a sustainable bio-based and natural-resource-based economy to meet human needs for food, fibre and fuel while safeguarding natural capital
Farming methods			Introduction of other nutrient cycling techniques Precision agriculture Greater integration of livestock and arable farming Reducing import of animal protein from high Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission intensity systems Two tier farming with a scaled approach still in place but also a smaller more focused premium sector	Improved productivity per hectare (vertical farming)
Energy				Hydrogen energy
Lower carbon emissions	Lower carbon emissions	Lower carbon emissions		Lower carbon emissions Net zero at production, but not guaranteed in food storage or consumption (energy usage, waste)
Better nutrition				Better nutrition
Better use of resources				Better use of the limited resources Better materials for the same shelf life
Risk averseness	Retailers and the industry are risk averse to new processes
Land use	Changes in land use			Changes in land management
Consumer diet			'Quality not quantity' changes in consumer eating habits	Less meat consumption
Increased knowledge	Greater engagement of local communities		Improved understanding	Lessons learnt and constant improvements
Increased costs & risk		Short term risk More complexity leading to unforeseen hazards	Increased price of quality food
Reduced costs		Side effects of waste reduction could be a reduction in costs
Technology	Biotechnology

Working Group 6 July Interim Report; Annexe B

Appendix 6

In this guide

Table 6: Summary of responses: What are the key sources of information about the changes you have mentioned that we should be aware of?

Category	Academia	Manufacturing	Farmers & veterinary surgeon	Other
Academia	Academia Including Sheffield Hallam University National Centre of Excellence for Food Engineering)		Academia InSHAW at Harper & Keele Vet School	Academia
Government departments/initiatives	Innovate UK	Building back better for increased resilience in the UK food system workshop report: https://www.foodsecurity.ac.uk/publications/building-back-better-for-increased-resilience-of-the-uk-food-system-to-future-shocks.pdf	Climate Change Committee Oxford Offsetting Principles Zero Carbon Commission Energy Transition Commission United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Food and Agriculture Organisation Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Department for Environment and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)	United Nations (UN) United Kingdrom Research and Innovation (UKRI) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Department for Environment and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) Dimbleby Report UK Ag research base (e.g., Rothampsted) World Health Organisation (WHO) Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA) Climate Change Agreement CIEL report on net-zero livestock: https://www.cielivestock.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/CIEL-Net-Zero-Carbon-UK-Livestock_2020_Interactive.pdf National Food Strategy Innovation Strategy Tackling Obesity strategy UK Governments ten-point plan for a green industrial revolution
Scientific papers/publicly available information	Scientific papers			Scientific papers
Associations/Institutes	Centre for Innovation Excellence in Livestock (CIEL) report on the Carbon footprint of UK Livestock	Expert bodies e.g., Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP), Institute of Grocery Distribution (IGD), Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment (IEMA) Industry bodies e.g., Chilled Food Association (CFA), Food and Drink Federation (FDF), National Farmers’ Union (NFU). Sector trade associations The Packaging Federation	Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB) National Farmers’ Union (NFU) Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP) Sustainable Food Trust Retailer & processor groups Global Research Alliance Dairy Sustainability framework Global Roundtable for Beef	Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB) National Farmers’ Union (NFU) Grantham Which? Chilled Food Association (CFA) Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP) Courtauld
Industry	Industry	Industry	Industry Including RAFT Solutions Ltd)
Too many to mention				Too many to mention
Farmers	Farmers	People working on farms	Too many to mention

Working Group 6 July Interim Report; Annexe B

Appendix 7

In this guide

Table 7: Summary of responses: What new changes towards net zero are being implemented already? (Outside of your sector)

Category	Academia	Manufacturing	Farmers & veterinary surgeon	Other
Energy	Green energy Wind and solar energy Improved air pollution and changes to transport Electricity Changes in refrigerator technology Vehicles Light Emitting Diodes (LED) lights	Carbon off-set prices, European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) carbon costs, Future gas prices		Green energy Away from fossil based: solar, wind, earth, tides etc. Solar Photovoltaic technology, coupled to (mainly) battery energy storage
Technology				Robotics and technologies associated with detection
Waste	Water use reduction, storage, and recycling			Utilisation of waste streams
Farming methods	Nature-based solutions			Carbon sequestration (agroforestry, tree planting) Some living manures that is leguminous co-crops.
Consumer diet	Move towards less meat
Packaging			Activities around packaging should be harnessed and circulated as best practice

Working Group 6 July Interim Report; Annexe B

Appendix 8

In this guide

Table 8. Summary of responses: What developments are underway that have potential to roll out in the next ten years? (Outside of your sector)

Category	Academia	Manufacturing	Farmers & veterinary surgeon	Other
Energy		Electrical baking, remove dependency on steam use Possibly lower power consumption milling but given that wheat and corn milling were the first processes to use external power, (Roman water mills) and grain must be processed to get the nutrition this may be difficult.	Green energy Long-distance electricity transmission (HVDC subsea cables) are likely to become very significant in a global clean electricity grid	Hydrogen as an energy source Electric and hydrogen vehicles
Technology	Robotics and sensing systems
Waste	Recycling of nutrients and further use of agricultural waste	Food manufacture from former food waste streams		Waste valorisation (to circular economy approaches)
Farming methods	Dietary additives to reduce enteric fermentation in ruminants - but only during the period when fed concentrates Nitrification inhibitors for application with nitrogen fertilizer.	New crops and cultivars Cultured meat, fish and milk
Biodiversity measures	Biodiversity measures at scales not previously imagined

Working Group 6 July Interim Report; Annexe B

Appendix 9

In this guide

Who would you suggest we talk to about these changes or point us to other sources of information?
Innovate UK
Net Zero Innovation Portfolio (NZIP) coordination - to see if a food industry focus can be brought about - focusing a 'virtual centre' approach involving industry, academia, Defra, and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO).
Syngenta AI group
Frans Timmermans of the European Commission
Google who is working on these things in the UK
Harry Norman – Managing Director of OAL group, Peterborough.
Good Food Institute (GFI)
Food and Drink Federation (FDF)
United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) for an overview of their funding investments, that contribute directly to the net zero agenda across the Research Councils
Talk to business, engage with Institute of Grocery Distribution (IGD) and British Retail Consortium (BRC) and National Farmers’ Union (NFU)
Online media - e.g., BusinessGreen, Solar Power Portal, Photovoltaic PV-magazine, etc.
Organic farmers
Milling engineers
National Energy Research Demonstrator (NERD)
Bob Docherty
John Ingram
Maurice Moloney
Pascal Chapot, Nestle

Working Group 6 July Interim Report; Annexe B

Online Survey Responses

In this guide

Aim of research

Survey respondents

Data analysis

Results

Changes towards net zero

Source of information

Stakeholders at the forefront of net zero

Conclusion

Appendix 1

In this guide

Appendix 2

In this guide

Appendix 3

In this guide

Appendix 4

In this guide

Appendix 5

In this guide

Appendix 6

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Appendix 7

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Appendix 8

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Appendix 9

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